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Material Families
| Material Families | Examples | Strengths | Limitations | Typical Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single crystals (PMN-PT's, PZN-PTs, etc) | PMNT-28, TRS-X2C | Very high d33 (>2000), very high coupling (>90%) | Low TC, easily de-poled by pressure, very expensive, limited size | Imaging, small elements |
| PNN's | PKI 906 | High d33 and dielectric constants | Low TC poor ceramic | Imaging, small elements |
| PMN's | PMN-85 | High dielectric constants | Electrostrictors (must be biased) | Sonar |
| Soft PZTs | K740, K600, K350 | High d33, coupling, and dielectric constants | Low TC's | Imaging, receivers |
| Hard PZTs | K270, K278, K300 | High Qs, high drive capability | Medium activity | Sonar, cleaners, welders |
| Special hard PZTs | K320, K340 | Very high Qs, high dielectric constants | Medium activity | High drive small elements |
| Na, K Niobates | Non lead-based | Low activity, soluble in water | ||
| Lead Metaniobates | K81, K91, K83, K85 | Low Q, high TC | Low activity, poor ceramic | NDT |
| Bismuth Titanates | K15, K12 | Very high TC | Very low activity | High temp accelerometers |
| Ga Phosphates, Li Niobates. Quartz, etc. | Very high TC | Extremely low activity | Clocks, resonators, high frequency filters |
- Origin of the Piezo Effect
- Material Families
- Basic Material Testing
- Tolerances and Capabilities
- Modes of Vibration (PDF)
- Glossary of Terms
